四级语法讲义（四）

四、复合句

从句可分为：

Ø       名词性从句à 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句

Ø       形容词性从句à定语从句

Ø       副词性从句à状语从句

v      常考的关系代词：that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。

v      常见的同位语从句现行词（that之前的抽象名词）：fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding…

v      常用的引导词

• 时间状语从句：while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner… than; hardly… when; scarcely/barely… when; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doing…
• 地点状语从句：where; wherever
• 原因状语从句：because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now that; in that; for fear that; lest; owing to the fact that; because of the fact that; due to the fact that…
• 方式状语从句：as; as if; as though; how; save that…
• 比较状语从句：as; than; as… as; not so… as; hardly… than;
• 结果状语从句：so that; so… that; such… that; so as to…
• 条件状语从句：if; unless; in case; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; granted/granting that…; giving that….
• 让步状语从句：though; although; even if; even though; whether; as; however; no matter (what, how, when); for all that; in spite of the fact that; granted that; regardless of the fact that…
• 目的状语从句：that; so that; in order that; lest; for the fear that; in case…

定语从句:

which 引导的定语从句结构

1）which是关系代词，which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子，

在这个句子中，which要作成分，作主语或者宾语

2）in which+完整的句子

which在定语从句中作in的宾语，所以不能作后面句子的主语

3）名词+of which+谓语动词

of which来修饰名词，名词在定语从句中作主语，所以后面直接跟谓语动词

 I have five books  three of which are borrowed from Mary.

4）介词+ which +to do 其功能相当于定语从句。

The key with which to open the door is lost.

5）定语从句的省略结构：

 1． 如果that / which在定从中作 宾语，可以省略. 
sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt 
→s+vt+n+s+v 
　s+vt+n1+n2+vt 
*当做题时，若发现两个名词在一起，但是似乎连不上，则一定省略that / 
which，则动词为vt，做谓语。 
 6）定从的特殊省略

the way (in which) + 句子 
the reason (why that)+句子　　　　　　　 均为完整句 
the time (that / when)+句子 
I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world. 
By the time省that+句子，句子。 
7）定从的主系省略（主+系可同时省） 
即：which be , who be , that be可同时省 

状语从句省略结构

这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件：

        第一、特定的状语从句引导词：although　though　even though　when　while if as 

　　　　第二、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致；

　　　　第三、从句的谓语必须是be动词，主语和be动词同进同出